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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 6454 COCA: 5809
harmful
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adjective /ˈhɑː(r)mf(ə)l/
  1. causing harm 有害的；致傷的

    The bacteria digest some of the harmful substances in the sewage. 該細菌能消化污水中的某些有害物質。

    harmful effects/consequences 害處/有害的後果

    harmful to :

    The fungus is not harmful to humans. 真菌對人無害。

     Synonyms and related words
    Dangerous or harmful: dangerous, harmful, disastrous...
Get It Right!: harmful
The usual preposition to use with harmful is to (not ‘for'):
✗ Smoking is harmful for smokers and non-smokers.
✓ Smoking is harmful to smokers and non-smokers.
✗ Looking at a computer monitor for a long time can be harmful for the eyes.
✓ Looking at a computer monitor for a long time can be harmful to the eyes.
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 6454 COCA: 5809
harmful

adjective

VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBS➤be, prove有害；證明有害◇The spraying could prove harmful to humans.這種噴霧劑可能證實對人類有害。➤become變得有害▸➤consider sth認為⋯有害◇She actually considered fresh air harmful.她確實認為新鮮空氣有害。ADVERB➤extremely, very極為／非常有害▸➤particularly, positively特別／肯定有害◇These products are often positively harmful.這些產品通常極其有害。➤quite相當有害▸➤possibly, potentially可能有害；有潛在害處◇A lot of these chemicals are potentially very harmful.這些化學品中許多都可能危害很大。➤(not) necessarily( 不 ) 一定有害◇Not all virus infections are necessarily harmful to vines.並非所有病毒感染都一定會對葡萄藤產生危害。➤intrinsically本質上有害▸➤environmentally, socially對環境不利；對社會有害◇These pesticides are environmentally harmful.這些殺蟲劑有害環境。PREPOSITION➤to對⋯有害◇pesticides that are harmful to the environment對環境有害的殺蟲劑
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 6454 COCA: 5809
harmful

adjective

harmful ♦︎ destructive ♦︎ negative ♦︎ damaging ♦︎ bad ♦︎ ill ♦︎ detrimental ♦︎ perniciousThese are all words for things that are likely to cause harm or damage to sth. 這些詞均表示有害的、會造成損害的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆harmful / destructive / damaging / detrimental to sb / sth◆harmful / damaging / bad for sb◆a harmful / destructive / negative / damaging / bad / detrimental / pernicious effect◆ill effects◆a harmful / destructive / negative / damaging / bad / pernicious influence◆harmful / destructive / negative / damaging / detrimental / pernicious consequences◆harmful / negative / damaging / bad publicity◆very / extremely harmful / destructive / negative / damaging / bad / detrimental◆potentially harmful / destructive / damaging / detrimental◆positively harmful / damaging / detrimental◆highly destructive / damaging / detrimental◆environmentally / socially harmful / destructive / damaging / detrimental■ harmful (rather formal) causing damage or injury to sb/sth, especially to a person's health or to the environment （尤指對健康或環境）有害的，導致損害的◆The harmful effects of alcohol are well established.酒精的害處已有定論。◆Keep food chilled to prevent the spread of harmful bacteria.將食物冷藏以防有害細菌的繁殖。◆pesticides that are harmful to the environment對環境有害的殺蟲劑OPP harmless ⇨ safe 2   see also harm ⇨ damage noun , harm ⇨ damage verb ■ destructive (rather formal) causing physical destruction, or physical or emotional damage 毀滅性的；傷害身體（或感情）的◆The war demonstrated the destructive power of modern weapons.這次戰爭顯示了現代武器的毀滅性力量。◆People have to learn how to handle destructive emotions like anger.人得學會控制憤怒等有害情緒。■ negative causing damage to a relationship, to a business or a country's economy, or to a person's health or happiness （對關系、企業、國家經濟或健康幸福）有害的，有損的◆The crisis had a negative effect on trade.這場危機對貿易産生了很壞的影響。◆The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative.整個體驗當然是利大於弊。ⓘ Negative is used especially to describe the effect, impact, influence, consequences or side effects of sth. * negative尤與effect、impact、influence、consequences或side effects搭配。 OPP positive ⇨ valuable 2   see also negative ⇨ negative ■ damaging causing damage to sb's health, happiness or reputation, or to the environment （對健康、幸福、聲譽或環境）有害的，損害的，造成破壞的◆A strike would hit public services and be politically damaging for the government.罷工會重創公共服務業，而且政治上對政府不利。◆Lead is potentially damaging to children's health.鉛對兒童健康有潛在危害。  see also damage ⇨ damage noun , damage ⇨ damage verb NOTE 辨析 Harmful or damaging?Things that are harmful hurt the environment or people's health. Things that are damaging can also hurt the environment or health, but more often they hurt people's social or economic welfare (= how much money they have and how comfortable their position in society is), or sb/sth's reputation (= the opinion people have of them). * harmful和damaging都可指對環境或健康有害，但damaging更多指給人們的社會或經濟利益帶來破壞，或對聲譽有損。■ bad (rather informal, especially spoken) causing or likely to cause damage to sb's health, business, character or reputation （對健康、生意、性格或聲譽）有害的，産生損害的◆Sugary drinks are bad for your teeth.含糖飲料對牙齒有害。◆Weather like this is bad for business.這樣的天氣不利於做生意。◆That girl's a bad influence on Tom.那個女孩帶壞了湯姆。◆Sunbeds have received a lot of bad publicity in recent years. Are they safe?近年來有許多關於日光浴床的負面報道，這種床安全嗎？ⓘ In this meaning bad is used in the phrase bad for sb/sth and with the collocates influence, publicity and effect. 表達此義時，bad用於短語bad for sb/sth，或與influence、publicity和effect等詞搭配。 OPP good ⇨ valuable 2 ■ ill [only before noun] (rather formal) causing or meaning to cause damage to sb's health, comfort or reputation （對健康、舒適或聲譽）不好的，有害的，不良的◆He resigned because of ill health.他因健康欠佳而辭職。◆She suffered no ill effects from the experience.這次經歷沒有使她受到不良影響。◆ (formal) I bear you no ill will (= do not wish any harm to come to you), but I am simply not in a position to help you.我不希望你有事，只是我幫不了你。ⓘ In this meaning ill is used especially with the collocates health, effects, treatment, will and repute. 表達此義時，ill尤與health、effects、treatment、will和repute等詞搭配。■ detrimental ˌdetrɪˈmentl (formal) causing damage to the environment, or sb's health or welfare; blocking people's attempts to do sth good （對環境、健康或幸福）有害的，不利的；有礙的◆Emissions from the factory are widely suspected of having a detrimental effect on health.人們普遍懷疑工廠的排放物對健康不利。◆The policy will be detrimental to the peace process.這項政策將不利於和平進程。ⓘ Detrimental is nearly always used in the phrases detrimental effect/effects or detrimental to sb/sth. * detrimental幾乎總用於短語detrimental effect/effects或detrimental to sb/sth。 OPP beneficial ⇨ valuable 2   see also detriment ⇨ damage noun ■ pernicious pəˈnɪʃəs; NAmE pərˈnɪʃəs (formal) having a very harmful effect on society or morals, especially in a way that is gradual and not easily noticed （尤指潛移默化地對社會或道德）有害的，有惡劣影響的◆They discussed the pernicious influence of TV violence on children.他們討論了電視暴力對兒童潛移默化的壞影響。◆Ageism is just as offensive and pernicious as sexism.年齡歧視和性别歧視一樣引人反感，並且影響惡劣。

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